The Neighborhood Median Pixel Method (NMPM) classifies land cover by summing per-band scores across 10 input features from Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data – bands 1 through 7 alongside three widely used index images: NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI. These features are typically treated equally within the classification framework, assuming uniform informational value across all bands and indices. However, indices such as NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI are specifically designed to highlight spatial properties of their respective land cover classes—particularly in urban settings—and are therefore expected to carry more relevant information for specific classification tasks. In this study, we experimented with different weighting schemes and found that giving greater emphasis to the indices led to a modest increase in overall classification accuracy, achieving an average overall accuracy of 0.9475 compared to 0.94 of the original implementations for the equal-weight baseline and other weighting strategies with a 9x9 neighborhood size. The results demonstrate how a targeted methodological innovation in image processing—assigning greater weight to highly relevant features—can enhance the reliable and efficient classification performance of the NMPM. This contributes to more accurate land cover mapping, particularly in complex urban environments, and supports data-driven development planning and resource management.

The Neighborhood Median Pixel Method has previously been introduced as an image processing technique in remote sensing, developed to classify Landsat-8 OLI satellite image pixels into categories of vegetation, water, and built-up areas. This method relies on a lookup table based on the median pixel values within a pixel’s neighborhood and a scoring system that assigns point values for classification. While a 9x9 neighborhood size was originally proposed, a succeeding study suggested a 13x13 neighborhood for better classification accuracy. This study focuses on refining the scoring system used in the Neighborhood Median Pixel Method, particularly the original set of arbitrary point values 14, 4, and 1. Particle Swarm Optimization was employed to systematically explore and optimize these point values, iteratively seeking an ideal configuration for the scoring system. After optimization, the Neighborhood Median Pixel Method exhibited a slight increase in overall accuracy. Using the 9x9 neighborhood size, the accuracy rose from 94% to 94.75%, while with the 13x13 neighborhood size, the accuracy improved from 95.75% to 96%. Furthermore, results indicate that varying point value configurations yield similar classification outcomes, suggesting that the method’s scoring system is robust across multiple configurations and that the originally proposed point value set remains adequate for effective classification.

Dental shade matching for composite restoration to natural teeth color is a crucial aspect of dental treatment as it can significantly impact patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes. However, the subjective nature of manual shade selection often leads to shade mismatch, which leads to failure on the first visit. In addition, intraoral scanners are inaccessible to small enterprises dental clinic in the Philippines due to its unaffordable pricing. To address this problem, this study proposed a mobile application that utilizes image processing and deep learning techniques for objective and consistent dental shade matching. Exploring Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based MediaPipe for Facial Landmark Detection and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) to classify dental shades. The SVM model attained an overall accuracy of 68.5% during the experimental results while the implementation using the mobile application obtained an estimate of 90% during the user testing for A1 to A4 color shade. The findings have significant implications for clinical practice, empowering dental professionals with a reliable tool to improve patient care and satisfaction. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating advanced technology into clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of extracting the characters from a digital image. The concept behind OCR is to acquire a text in a video or image formats and extract the characters from that image and present it to the user in an editable format. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied, which is a mathematical representation of the functionality of the human brain, using back-propagation algorithm with test case files of English alphabets and numbers. The purpose of this study is to test systems capable of recognizing vehicle plate number English alphabets and numbers with different fonts, and to be familiar with CNN and digital image processing applied for character recognition. Scientific journals and reports were used to research the relevant information required for the thesis project. The chosen software was then trained and tested with both computer and video output files. The tests revealed that the OCR software can recognize both vehicular plate and computer alphabets and learns to do it better with each iteration. The study shows that although the system needs more training for vehicular plate characters than computerized fonts, and the use of CNN in OCR is of great benefit and allows for quicker and better character recognition.

Complete Blood Count is one of the most commonly performed medical laboratory procedure today. It is required to detect various types of diseases. Presently, some small-scale clinics in the country still does the tedious, manual method of counting the blood cell. With Complete Blood Count Analysis System through Image Processing, automated CBC can be performed by mounting the smart phone camera on the viewer of the microscope. The input image will go through several image processing algorithms such as: Binary Thresholding, Clustering, and Hough Circle Technique. The result will be computed through the formulas used in the manual method of the CBC process. Experimental results show the developed system gains 94% of accuracy for counting the Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cell, and White Blood Cell values.

As people remain confined in their homes, more and more turn to the internet and social media daily for support, comfort, opportunities, and access to information. This presents an opportunity for businesses and e-commerce platforms to harness their own data and reach wide audiences through social media. An online store, Anywhere Fitness PH, took this opportunity which was launched to bring gym equipment to the comfort and safety of the homes of its consumers. However, the client, Anywhere Fitness PH, struggled in customer reviews and difficulties with its current e-commerce platforms. The researchers proposed a web application system that will provide their client an e-commerce platform that will utilize data analytics and sentiment analysis for its customer reviews and provide further improvements for the overall business operations of the client. The system passed for both evaluation of Customer Interface and Admin Interface with means of 4.27 and 4.49 respectively, making the Overall Evaluation have a mean of 4.3S. All means are interpreted as “Strongly Agree” which means that the admins, the non-IT, and the IT staff strongly agree that the system passed Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance, Security, pertaining that the system is now ready for the use of the client.

Flood is imminent when heavy rain occurs, identifying the level of water in plain sight is difficult to achieve. There are currently available ways to detect flood water but usually are very expensive and needs a huge equipment with sensors. The research has proposed an alternative solution to expensive ways on detecting flood and water levels. The study created an application to detect body of water by using image processing technique called Region-based segmentation algorithm to detect water on the image and Canny Edge Detection with computation using Pixel Ratio on a selected water region to determine the height of the water or flood. A CCTV camera was used to capture the image and was fed on the application through the network infrastructure. Once captured, the image was processed to detect the body of water and measurement of its level. The testing of the application was done on a controlled environment and the application was able to detect the water body on the picture. It was able to detect the edge of the water based on a selected region where the water is found. The measurement of the actual height of the water, closely matches the height of stated in the application. Thus, the research has found a way to detect body of water and gauge its water level using image processing, in which, have found a way to detect and measure water affordably. This research can be a step, in future research like monitoring the streets’ flood level when heavy rains occurs. This is a much more safe and affordable way to monitoring the increase and decrease of flood.

Image classification in remote sensing is defined by categorizing image pixels or raw data sensed by satellites into a distinct set of labels. In this paper, an improved technique for classifying pixels from satellite images is proposed. The technique makes use of the median value of the pixels in the rectangular neighborhood centered at the given pixel to be classified. A scoring system was developed that compares this median value in relation to the expected median values for each of the different classes. The proposed method was tested on Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) bands 1 to 7 images and three index images-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The experimental results showed an overall accuracy of 94%, a remarkable improvement from the 84% accuracy of the previous work that uses a distance-based classifier. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method can be a better alternative way to classify images in remote sensing.

In this paper, we analyze the effect of the representative spectral indices, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) on classification accuracies of Landsat-8 OLI image. After creating these spectral index images, we propose five methods to select the spectral index images as classification features together with Landsat-8 OLI bands from 1 to 7. From the experiments we observed that when the spectral index image of NDVI or NDWI is used as one of the classification features together with the Landsat-8 OLI bands from 1 to 7, we can obtain higher overall accuracy and kappa coefficient than the method using only Landsat-8 OLI 7 bands. In contrast, the classification method, which selected only NDBI as classification feature together with Landsat-8 OLI 7 bands did not show the improvement in classification accuracies.