Multi-Objective Optimization and Feasibility Analysis of Integrated Biogas–Solar Energy Systems for Rural Electrification
Sidahmed Sidi Habib
a
,
Md. Ashraful Islam
b
,
M.M. Naushad Ali
b
,
Ian B. Benitez
c,d
,
Zokir Mamadiyarov
e,f,g
,
Bobur Mirzayev
h
,
Hayitov Abdulla Nurmatovich
i
,
Aymen Flah
j,k,l,m
a Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
b Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
c Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, FEU Institute of Technology, Manila, Philippines
d Innovation and Research Office, FEU Institute of Technology, Manila, Philippines
e Department of Finance and Tourism, Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez, Uzbekistan
f Department of Economics, Mamun University, Khiva, Uzbekistan
g Department of Bank Accounting and Auditing, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
h Department of Finance, Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
i Department of Transport Systems, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan
j Processes, Energy, Environment, and Electrical Systems, National Engineering School of Gabès, University of Gabès, Tunisia
k Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
l Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Jordan
m ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Abstract: The growing demand for sustainable electricity in emerging economies necessitates hybrid systems that leverage local renewable resources while remaining economically viable. This study optimizes and evaluates photovoltaic–biogas (PV–BG) hybrid systems for Rosso, Mauritania, through a techno-economic and environmental framework. HOMER Pro was used for baseline modeling, while Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) refined both on-grid and off-grid designs. The optimal on-grid configuration—801 kW PV, 100 kW BG generator, and 408 kW converter—achieved a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of $0.041/kWh, Net Present Cost (NPC) of $1.89 M, Payback Period (PP) of 6.6 years, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 14%, and Return on Investment (ROI) of 11%. GWO and WOA further reduced LCOE to $0.038/kWh and $0.036/kWh and NPC to $1.81 M and $1.77 M, shortening PP to 6.4 and 6.1 years. Environmental analysis showed an annual offset of 1,220 tCO2 and a 100% renewable fraction. The results provide a scalable framework for hybrid energy planning, supporting policy development and investment strategies toward low-carbon power systems.