Policy Trade-Offs Between Agriculture Sector and Renewable Energy Development in the Philippines
Renewable Energy Focus, (2026), Vol. 58, pp. 100870
Ian B. Benitez
a,b,c
,
Shobhakar Dhakal
a
a Faculty of Climate Change and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
b Electrical Engineering Department, FEU Institute of Technology, Manila, Philippines
c Research Office, FEU Institute of Technology, Manila, Philippines
Abstract: Renewable energy (RE) applications in agriculture, such as solar irrigation, agrivoltaics, floating solar, biogas systems, and rural microgrids, can enhance resilience, reduce emissions, and support rural livelihoods. However, agricultural and land governance policies designed to protect food production and tenure can constrain renewable deployment, creating trade-offs between food security and energy transition goals. This study integrates international lessons with a stakeholder-based assessment of six Philippine agriculture and land governance policies. Based on a structured survey of 36 experts from academia, industry, government, and civil society, results show that the Department of Agriculture and Department of Energy - Renewable Energy Program for the Agri-Fishery Sector and the 2021 Department of Agrarian Reform amendment on land conversion are perceived as enabling, while the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms, and the 2002 conversion rules are viewed as restrictive. The findings suggest that policies prioritizing agricultural land protection and exclusive land use may be less flexible for RE integration, while more adaptive and coordinated frameworks may better support dual-use systems and decentralized deployment. Divergent perceptions reflect competing priorities of food security, tenure protection, and investment feasibility. These findings also reveal significant heterogeneity across stakeholder groups, with government respondents generally supporting existing regulatory frameworks, while NGOs and other stakeholders emphasize the need for reform and greater flexibility. The paper identifies reform pathways for synergistic approach focused on recognizing agrivoltaics within agricultural zoning, streamlining permitting procedures, and linking solar irrigation to groundwater and equity safeguards to better align food, land, and energy policy.