Non-Catalytic in-Situ (trans) Esterification of Lipids in Wet Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris Under Subcritical Conditions for the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Charles Felix
a,b
,
Aristotle Ubando
a,b
,
Cynthia Madrazo
c,b
,
Ivan Henderson Gue
a,d
,
Sylviana Sutanto
e
,
Phuong Lan Tran-Nguyen
f
,
Alchris Woo Go
g
,
Yi-Hsu Ju
e
,
Alvin Culaba
a,b
,
Jo-Shu Chang
h,i,j,k
,
Wei-Hsin Chen
l
a Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave., Manila 0922, Philippines
b Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave., Manila 0922, Philippines
c Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave., Manila 0922, Philippines
d Mechanical Engineering Department, Far Eastern University Institute of Technology, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, 1015 Manila, Philippines
e Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Rd. Sec. 4, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan
f Department of Mechanical Engineering, Can Tho University, 3-2 Street, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
g Department of Chemical Engineering, University of San Carlos, Talamban Campus, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
h Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, East District, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
i College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
j Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
k Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
l Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
Abstract: Microalgae offer promising and multifaceted solutions to the ongoing issues regarding energy security and climate change. One of the major bottlenecks in utilizing algal biomass is the excessive amount of moisture to be managed after harvest, which translates to costs in the dewatering step. Newer strategies have been developed to be able to convert algal biomass feedstock to biodiesel without the need for extraction and drying, such as in-situ transesterification. This process can be improved by concurrently subjecting the system under subcritical conditions, which could also potentially remove the use of catalysts as well as offer tolerance to free fatty acid content of the feedstock. A definitive screening design of experiment was utilized to provide an acceptable prediction on the effects of key process parameters – temperature, reaction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio to the obtainable fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield and process power consumption. The optimum operating condition, which combines the benefits of maximizing the FAME yield and minimizing the process power consumption was found to be at 220 °C, 2 h, and 8 ml methanol per gram of biomass (80 wt% moisture). This produces a FAME yield of 74.6% with respect to the maximum obtainable FAME. Sensitivity analysis discussed the implications regarding the weight of importance between the two responses of interest. The benefits of the proposed process can be observed when compared to its conventional transesterification counterpart in terms of energy savings and reduced environmental impact. Hence, this process offers a feasible alternative to produce biodiesel from microalgae.